Study guide for nursing competitive exams

Difference between Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid

Substance

ECF

ICF

Sodium

142 mEq/L

10 mEq/L

Calcium

5 mEq/L

1 mEq/L

Potassium

4 mEq/L

140 mEq/L

Magnesium

3 mEq/L

28 mEq/L

Chloride

103 mEq/L

4 mEq/L

Bicarbonate

28 mEq/L

10 mEq/L

Phosphate

4 mEq/L

75 mEq/L

Sulfate

1 mEq/L

2 mEq/L

Proteins

2 g%

16g%

Amino acids

30 mg%

200 mg%

Glucose

90 mg%

0-20 mg%

Lipids

0.5 g%

2-95 g%

Partial pressure of oxygen

35 mm Hg

20 mmHg

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide

46 mm Hg

50 mm Hg

Water

15-20 L (18)

20-25L (22)

pH

7.4

7.0

 

Classification of Immunizing agents


Live Attenuated Vaccine.
An attenuated vaccine is a vaccine created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but still keeping it viable (or "live"). Attenuation takes an infectious agent and alters it so that it becomes harmless or less virulent.
 
Inactivated or killed Vaccine.
An inactivated vaccine (or killed vaccine) consists of virus particles which are grown in culture and then killed using a method such as heat or formaldehyde. These viruses are grown under controlled conditions and are rendered non-infectious as a means to reduce antigenicity. Large doses, adjuvants, and multiple doses are required to confer immunity.
Sr. No.
Type of immunizing agents
Example
1.
Live attenuated bacterial vaccine
BCG
Typhoid (Oral)
Plague
2.
Live attenuated viral vaccines
Oral polio vaccine
Measles
MMR (measles, mumps, rubella)
Yellow fever
Rotavirus
3.
Inactivated or killed bacterial vaccines
Diphtheria
Pertussis
Tetanus
Cholera
Typhoid
haemophilus influenzae
4.
Inactivated or killed vaccine
Polio (Salk vaccine)
Rabies
Hepatitis B
Influenza
Japanese encephalitis
5.
Inactivated or killed vaccines against parasite
Plasmodium falciparum
Trypanosoma cruzi
Schistosoma mansoni
6.
Bacterial Toxoids
Diphtheria
Tetanus
7.
Human Immunoglobulin
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Measles
Mumps
Rabies
Diphtheria
Tetanus
8.
Non-human immunoglobulin (Antisera)
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Rabies
Botulism
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